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Geoff Considine
304 Comments
What Is Diversification Worth?
Your points are addressed in my article her on SA called Black Swans, Portfolio Theory, and Market Timing. Quite to the contrary of what you have said:
1) Market timing costs investors on average 2.5% per year (see DALBAR, for example)
2) People like David Swensen and Warren Buffett have delivered the most consistent risk adjusted returns we have records for and they believe in strategic diversification.
3) A solid diversification strategy does not incur high brokerage / transaction fees--but trying to time the market sure does. There is abundant data that the more, on average, people trade, the worse their results.
4) Actually, a well diversified portfolio has helped many portfolios to reduce losses substantially in this market, without incurring taxable events or transaction fees.
There are all these books on timing strategies for retail investors and they are in opposition to the solid research that institutions use. Hmm.
diversification does not mean simply "buy and hold"---read the article I refer to above.
Regards,
Geoff
What Is Diversification Worth?
The fundamental weighting issue is not the only reason that portfolios of individual stocks can be better--there are other important features of individual stocks, as I have shown in a range of my analysis. This remains a controversial topic among financial theorists.
QPP suggests that Buffett's highly concentrated portfolio of individual stocks is more diversified than many portfolios which employe massive diversification via index funds. This goes to one of my axioms: if your investing theory suggests Buffett is wrong, your theory is probably wrong.
Diversification can be statistically measured and its not just about buyign lots of individual holdings. This is considered common sense among the high end of institutional investors (as shown here) but this idea is radical for most individual investors and even for many advisors.
Risk Management Lessons from Bear Stearns
You are both correct that high volatility and higher default risk go hand in hand. This is actually a fact that makes portfolio theory look even more effective. default risk is the extreme tail risk in a fairly efficient market. These banks are high vol and therefore have higher tail risk. These are high risk / high return assets. I am working on a paper that looks at a wide range of financials and a significant fraction are very risky--but the spread is amazing. Some are reasonable and some are downright scary.
I am going to continue to study this theme and write more, so suggestions for stocks to examine are useful.
As far as 'false positives' this is always an interesting issue and it relates to QPP and Moody's KMV and CDS's. Because default and extreme distress is rare, you have limited cases to really validate against. People use case studies as I have done here--and Altman does in his work. It is often called stress testing.
Geoff
Risk Management Lessons from Bear Stearns
I did not profile BSC in my earlier piece because it was not something I was looking at. Many of the large financials are showing higher risk than I want. It is hard to screen the entire universe--your point is correct--but it is fairly easy to screen the companies you are considering buying or own.
A lot of my point here was the following. CDS (credit default swaps) are priced in large part by implied volatility, and QPP outlooks for volatility track implied vol quite well--hence the agreement (on average)--this is well documented in quant circles. The market data contains 'priced in' default risk--which is why CDS prices track implied vol. Many professional firms track these stats and use these models--but retail investors and wealth managers tend to be unaware of these tools / metrics / stats.
The BSC debauchle has brought this issue to the fore and it emphasizes the importance of risk management--as Enron and Worldcom did before.
From The Horse’s Mouth: Yale's Endowment Officer Makes Financial Sense
Good question on taxes. In taxable accounts (obviously) it is generally better to hold individual securities and to rebalance only when the risk-return balance of the portfolio shifts outside of your desired range or when the diversification benefits shrink because of some over-concentration. This is the best approach. Many investors and advisors feel uncomfortable comparing the risk/return benefits of ETF's / index funds to a basket of individual securities because they lack the tools to really capture equivalence and risks of default in individual stocks--but that can be handled.
The average retail investor will capture the vast majority of the benefits of this kind of strategy with index funds, however, and he/she is typically not willing or unable to manage the individual securities to capture these benefits.
Geoff
Portfolio Theory Vindicated
QPP is perhaps the best documented portfolio management tool ever built. There are over 800 pages or tests and analysis available at quantext.com. It does not make sense to describe the tool in depth in every article.
Geoff
Rolling 10-Year Market Return Hits 30-Year Low
How Counter-Productive Is Realtor Association Spin?
This is a useful and insightful article. As Buffett says "you don't ask the barner if you need a haircut." By the same token, you don't ask a realtor (or their trade group) if its a good time buy a house. That said, the blunder in the Journal suggests a sad state of affairs in terms of fact checking.
The Cost of Volatility To Your Portfolio
Using Default Risk to Limit Downside in Individual Stock Investing
Any Monte Carlo model that does not account for correlation between positions is essentially pointless. QPP has a sophisticated tool for capturing and managing the correlations between all positions. QPP is actually considerably more sophisticated that a tools based on Style Analysis in this regard because it captures all correlation effects and not just correlations due to mutual correlation to indexes.
I have performed long-term out-of-sample tests on portfolios of assets and have shown that QPP does a solid job of generating expected risk and return in total portfolios of correlated assets.
An Optimised Portfolio Using Only ETFs (IVV, IJH, IWM, EFA, EEM, SHY, IEF, TLT, RWR, IDU, IXC, IGE)
I have come to fully appreciate the power of TIPS as diversifiers since I wrote this article. I discuss TIPS in many of my later articles.
Using Default Risk to Limit Downside in Individual Stock Investing
The current version of QPP assumes no serial correlation in return in the simulation. This is measured historically, however. This is okay for investors with time horizons beyond about a year because the dcay time scale for autocorrelation is about a year in most studies. QPP is not intended to be a momentum investing tool.
Using Default Risk to Limit Downside in Individual Stock Investing
Portfolio Theory Vindicated
The addition of IDU, IGE, etc. could either have been a lucky guess or good planning. BUT QPP is an objective model and it clearly showed that these made sense. This is not a lucky guess.
Using Default Risk to Limit Downside in Individual Stock Investing